PESTICIDES AND INSECTICIDES USED IN POULTRY INDUSTRIES

PESTICIDES AND INSECTICIDES USED IN POULTRY INDUSTRIES
Dr. Yash Bhargava, MVSc  (Teaching Associate IPVS, DUVASU)
Dr. Pradeep Kumar MVSc, PHd (Assistant Professor Department of veterinary Parasitology, COVSc  & AH, DUVASU, Mathura)
Dr. Shardendu Narayan Giri  MVSc  (Teaching Associate IPVS, DUVASU)
Dr. Sudaksha Saraswat BVSc & AH (Teaching Associate IPVS, DUVASU)
Dr. Abhishek Mishra,  MVSc scholar (Department of LPT, DUVASU, Mathura)

Introduction

In poultry houses various types of pest and insect are found that are responsible to produce disease in birds and hence reduced bird’s performance like production of egg and meat. Most common insect and pest found in poultry houses are chicken lice, bed bug, fleas, chicken mites and mosquitoes etc. To minimize the loss produced by these insect and pest the poultry farmer should be well aware of various managemental   practices like provision of   clean and fresh drinking water, good and balanced feed, and quick removal of waste material and dead birds from the farm. Apart from these practices the poultry farmer should be aware of various different pest control chemical formulations and their application in proper way.

Control methods of pest by different chemical formulations and methods

Fire ants are also common in the poultry houses, so for their suppression some insecticides are used- Abamectin, boric acid, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, dichlorvos, fenoxycarb, hydramethylnon, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, pyriproxyfen, s-methoprene. (Biological control of some insect pests can be done in poultry houses by introducing some mites as Uropodid Mites, Macrochelid Mite, Macrochelesmuscaedomesticae, Mites Hister beetle Carcinopspumilio, Pteromalid wasp, Fuscurpodavegetans. Macrochelesmus caedomesticae feeds on the eggs and 1^stinstar of the house fly. Fuscurpodavegetans feeds on the 1^st instar of house fly. Carcinopspumilio– larvae and adult feeds on the 1^st instar of house fly.  Now a days chemicals are being so important to be used to treat the problems related to pests and insects which causes serious havocs in the flock and decreases the productivity, with these benefits we also cannot ignore or neglect there impact on the biological or physiological system on the body of the birds and indirect impact to the humans by consumption of the poultry products. There are certain pesticides which are fat soluble or lipophilic in nature and used in the crop production for poultry feeds as well as for dusting, misting, spraying, fogging in the poultry houses and their premises, and reaches to the poultry body and accumulate there in the adipose tissue in the fat. There elimination half-life is 10mg/kg/day and the highest residue of it is in turkey then chicken next to it is geese and minimum is in ducks. The lipophilic pesticides are deltamethrin, diflubenzuron, fipronil, lindane, piperonylbutoxide and spinosad.

The residue of the pesticides accumulated in the body tissues or in eggs is directly proportional to the concentration of the pesticide or its parent compound consumed in the feed as lindane, dieldrin, heptachlorepoxide, DDT and its metabolite. But methochlor is a pesticide which will not accumulated in the body at any concentration. The egg contains more amounts of oranochlorine pesticides above the maximum residual limit than muscle and other body tissue which do not cross the MRL value. Use of pesticides (organochlorines) causes severe toxicity in the bird and results in reproductive impairment and affects both adult birds and embryos. In embryos it can cause mortality, wasting syndrome, reduces hatchability. It can causeteratogenic effects as impaired differentiation of the reproductive system, may cause skeletal abnormalities. Some organochlorines can mimic the estrogen hormone and cause neurological abnormalities and other teratogenic effects. These cause suppression of egg formation, egg shell thinning and impaired incubation. In backyard poultry it can cause a change in chick rearing behavior.

Organochlorine toxicity also includes seizures, lethargy, skin rashes, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness after 24 to 96 hours of its application. The pesticides are about 3 times in the body fat as compared to breast muscle, leg muscle and skin. The chicks when exposed to the pyrethroid, organophosphorus and chlorinated pesticides then there is significant elevation in the serum alkaline phosphate. The upper part (proximal) of the femur is subjected to destructive changes there is reduction in appositional growth of bone by decreases in the osteon activity and increase in the number of the inactivated osteons. There is reduced body weight gain in cockerels when endosulphan was administered accidently.

Conclusion

In current scenario, the losses  in poultry industry due to pest is much more than our estimation so pesticides are used for it. As the chemicals employed to curb the pest, tick, flea, mite, lice etc. may produce toxicity in birds so keen observation should be kept on their concentration, method of dispersal and any side effects produced in the flock. This will not only ensure efficient use of chemicals economically but also reduce the chances of toxicity-losses and bioaccumulation. In future, our effort should be such that chemicals are replaced by organic and herbal pesticides; which not only will control the parasites but will also enhance the poultry health.