Unconventional Feed Resources For Efficient Poultry Production
Jitendra KumarSharma – M.V.sc Scholar (poultry science) DUVASU Mathura.
AmitavBhattacharyya – Associate professor Department of poultry science DUVASU Mathura.
Pankaj Kumar Shukla – Professor& Head Department of poultry science DUVASU Mathura.
Introduction
Poultry industry Sixty-five to seventy-five percent of all ongoing costs come from poultry feed. Feeding supplies classified as unconventional, alternative, or non-traditional are ones that aren’t typically used for feeding or preparing commercial diets. We offer these industrial, agricultural, and by-product goods at competitively reduced prices, despite their infrequent consumption. They could be categorized as alternate feedstuffs that are high in protein and energy. The most widely utilised traditional feed ingredients in chicken diets are maize and soybean meal. Diets primarily consist of 55%–65% maize and 25%–30% soybean meal for poultry. At the time of scarcity of conventional protein source many alternative Protein source are use to achieve minimum feed cost of poultry production.
PROTEIN RESOURCES
In addition to having low calcium and high phosphorus concentrations, the low content of limiting amino acids like methionine and lysine causes the poor protein quality of cereals and agro-industrial byproducts. Even though poultry cannot access the bound phytate salt that contains 60% of the phosphorus in the feed, the critical amino acids (lysine, methionine and threonine) Are commercially available for use as supplements to guarantee better feed and protein utilisation
Guar meal (GM)/Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
Guar meal is a byproduct of guar gum industry. Although it is a highly rich source of protein (40–48%), the inclusion of some harmful components, such as gum (galactomannans), anti-trypsin factor, and anti-vitamin E factor, has limited its usage as a protein supplement in poultry.It contained CP 42.0%, EE 3.8%, CF 8.9%, ME 2200 kcal/kg, lysine 2.55%, methionine 0.67% and 0.49% tryptophan on an average.Guar korma is can safely be incorporated up to 7.5% level in poultry diet.Dinaniet al. (2017)
Azolla meal (Azolla pinnata)
Azolla meal contained 24.50% crude protein, 3.70% ether extract, 14.90% crude fibre, 39.90%NFE, 17.00% total ash, 2.14% calcium, 0.44% phosphorus on dry matter basis.The growth performance of Japanese quails raised for meat from 0 to 5 weeks of age was unaffected by the addition of up to 7.5% of Azolla meal to their diet.Bird fed with 75% level of the regular feed and 12.5% in the form of Azolla, weighed almost equal to the birds fed.
Cotton seed meal (Gossypium sp.)
cotton seed meal (47.5% CP) when formulated on a digestible amino acid basis can be included in broiler diets at up to 200g and 300g/kg in broiler starter and finisher diets without a significant loss in broiler performance (Sajad et.al.2015)
Linseed meal (Linum usitatissimum)
The by-product of removing the seed for oil is linseed meal. The 350–380 g/kg of CP in the meal is low in protein quality due to a lysine deficiency. Poultry cannot survive on linseed meal unless it is present in extremely low amounts (less than 3%).
Sesame meal (Sesame indicum)
Poultry can get enough protein from sesame meal (351-470 g/kg CP), but it needs to be utilised quickly to avoid going rancid and tasting bad.
Maize (Zea mays) germ meal
Both dry and wet milling processes produce by-products from maize. A combination of maize bran, maize germ, and a portion of the starchy section of either white or yellow maize kernels is used to make pearl hominy feed, which has a 10% CP content. A combination of maize bran, maize germ, and a portion of the starchy section of either white or yellow maize kernels is used to make pearl hominy feed, which has a 10% CP content. Lakshmi et al. (2018)
Distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS)
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is co-product of the ethanol industry produced during dry milling process.On chemical analysis, it was found that rice DDGS contained moisture 8.28%, DM 91.72%, CP 45%, EE 4.49%, CF 4.89%, TA 10.22%, NFE 27.12%, AIA 4.28%, ADF 15.20%, NDF 37.75%, Ca 0.73%, P 0.77% and GE 4097 kcal/kg. (Gupta, 2016) lysine (1.23%) is the first limiting amino acid in DDGS but it is richer in methionine content (1.19%). For broilers, incorporation rates between 12 and 15% are ideal (Lumpkins et al., 2004). 10% rice dry distiller grain with soluble (DDGS) was added to phase I and II feeding, which improved laying hens’ immunological competence, egg production, and egg quality characteristics.
Rice gluten meal (RGM)
Rice gluten meal (RGM) is a by-product of wet-milling of rice obtained during starch extraction and syrup preparation.Reported (%) moisture 7.6, DM 92.4, CP 57.6, EE 3.16, CF 1.45, NFE 28.95, ash 1.24, calcium 0.23, phosphorus 0.40, and MEn (kcal/kg) 3330 were all present in RGM. Metwally and Farahat (2015) It was observed that lysine is the first limiting amino acid (1.57%) in RGM through it is richer in methionine content (2.65%).At a 15% inclusion level, RGM can be safely added to broiler diets without having any negative effects on humoral immunity, gut health, or intestinal histomorphometry. (Dinani et al., 2018b)
Feather meal
About 85% of feather meal is crude protein, 5% is cysteine, and the metabolisable energy content is 3000 kcal/kg. Depending on the circumstances of processing, the availability of cysteine is approximately 60%. The chicken processing industry produces millions of tonnes of feathers, which are discarded as trash. Depending on the circumstances of processing, the availability of cysteine is approximately 60%.According to certain findings, Aspergillus fumigatus and B. subtilis were able to break down the keratin in feathers. Two to three percent of the soybean meal in chicken meals can be replaced with feather meal.
Insect and worm
An inexpensive supply of protein can be produced from insects. Insects are recognised to be a natural food source for birds. Protein (40–76%) and important amino acids, especially those containing sulphur, are abundant in insects. Meal from insects can replace traditional protein sources by 10–100% without affecting fish or poultry growth. (Ssepuuya and others) In a humid tropical climate, adding up to 10% of black soldier fly larvae to grill diets had no detrimental effects on the birds’ growth performance. It was appropriate to use 26% and 22% of defatted insect meal from Hermetiaillucens larvae in grill diets during the starter and grower phases, respectively. Regarding the quality of the meat. Hermetiaillucens was found to induce lipid oxidation in grill meat when used in place of soybean meal. This was ascribed to Hermetiaillucens’s high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration.
Earthworms
For chickens grown in a free-range environment, earthworms provide a natural source of protein. It can be regarded as a different protein source (64–76%). Six to 11 percent fat, 5 to 21 percent carbohydrates, 2 to 3 percent minerals, and a variety of vitamins, particularly cyanocobalamin and niacin, are all found in earthworms. Earthworm meal has been discovered to have a better fatty acid profile without chitin content and no deficiencies in critical amino acids, making it more appealing and acceptable for hens than insect meal. Up to 10% of grill meals could include earthworm meal without having an adverse effect on the quality of the meat or growth performance.
Algae
Algae are a significant source of carotenoids, omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and unusual protein (50–60%). Crude protein can make up as much as 76% of certain kinds of algae. Algae were utilised in up to sixteen percent of broiler feeds without causing any negative nutritional impacts. On the other hand, it replaced about 40% of animal-vegetable blended fat and 60% of soybean meal in realistic grill diets.Chlorella and spirulina are the two most often used types of algae in poultry diets. According to Moury et al., adding Spirulina platensis to grill diets could totally replace adding vitamin-mineral premix. Algae is said to be a viable substitute for poultry feed that is entirely organic. It was appropriate to use Spirulina platensis at 21% and 17% in the starter and grower phases, respectively.
Silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) meal
A waste product of the manufacture of silk, silkworm pupae meal (SWPM) has a high crude protein content (65–75%) (Banday et al. 2009). SWPM protein is rich in essential amino acids such as valine, methionine, and phenylalanine. There was no discernible change in body weight, feed intake, hen day production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, blood profile, or egg quality parameters when soybean meal was substituted with silkworm meal at 0, 25, 50, or 100% of the layer chickens’ diet. It was determined that silkworm meal could likely be utilised as a substitute protein source for soybean meal without having an adverse effect on the layers (Ullah et al. 2017).Because silkworm meal is significantly less expensive than fishmeal, it demonstrated a higher profit margin when 50% of fishmeal was substituted with it. This demonstrates that when the amount of SWPM added to chicken feed increases linearly, the cost per unit of feed also decreases.
References
Dinani OP, Tyagi Pramod K, Mandal AB, Tyagi Praveen K, Dutta N. Evaluation of feeding value of rice-based Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) for broiler chickens, 2018. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.B-3607.
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- Kumar M, Dhuria RK, Jain D, Nehra R, Sharma T, Prajapat UK et al. Effect of Inclusion of Sun Dried Azolla (Azolla pinnata) at Different Levels on the Growth and Performance of Broiler Chicks. Journal of animal research, 2018; 8(4):629-632.
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